Portuguese, taking advantage of the internal upheavals, had seized Arzila in 1471 and they settled at Ceuta, Al-Qasr al-Saghir, Tangier and Arzila. Spain had taken Mediterranean port of Melilla, a base for further operation. European penetration reached to its height in nineteenth century. Sultan signed a treaty with Britain in 1856 giving free trade and abolished monopolies. Beclard Convention of 1863 made France the protector of Morocco which drifted it towards the
.dependency. The Makhzan, the central administrative authority, became
ineffective
The Armenian-Mongol alliance, however, was a reality of
some importance in the great Mongol offensive. Baghdad had fallen to
Mongols in 1258, Aleppo in 1260 and entered undefended city of Damascus
the same year. Of the old heartlands of Islam, only Egypt and Arabia
remained .inviolate
The Armenian-Mongol alliance, however, was a reality of
some importance in the great Mongol offensive. Baghdad had fallen to
Mongols in 1258, Aleppo in 1260 and entered undefended city of Damascus
the same year. Of the old heartlands of Islam, only Egypt and Arabia
remained .inviolate
Amr ibn al-As, having 4000 horsemen set out to conquer Egypt. Egypt was under the rule of Byzantine Emperor Heraculas. Byzantinians were beaten and lost the control of Fayyum and Helliopolis (640). Amr marched on. Defeated Byzantine forces gathered at the fortress of Babylon.
.Amr lured them out and defeated them there also
Born in Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad, Rawalpindi district) on October 25, 1944, Muhammad Mahfuz joined the army on October 25, 1962. When war broke out in 1971, Lance Naik Mahfuz was serving in 'A' Company of 15 Punjab Regiment deployed on the Waggah-Attari sector. On the night of December 17-18, his company was assigned the task of occupying Phul Kanjri village located in the sector. Platoon No. 3, to which Lance Naik Mahfuz
belonged, was the forward unit in the assault and had to face torrential volleys
of enemy fire from concrete pillboxes. When the company was about 70 yards from
the Indian position, it was pinned down by unceasing frontal .and cross fire
from automatic weapons of the enemy
In 1511 Malacca was captured by the Portuguese, thus marking the beginning of European incursions into Malacca. Late in the 18th century British commercial interests from India extended to Penang which was acquired in 1786. In 1819 they acquired Singapore from the Sultan of Johore. In 1824 British acquired Malacca from Dutch in exchange for Bencoolen in Sumatra. Two
.years later Penang, Malacca and Singapore became collectively known as the
Straits Settlements
The area that now is Mauretania formed part of the Maghreb province of the early Muslim Caliphate. The word 'Moor' is derived from Mauretania. The Moors are of Arab-Berber origion and are related to the Tuaregs of the Central Sahara, and traced back to the tenth century when
.the Berber Lemtuna tribe was reorganised by Emir Yahya bin Ibrahim.
Moors speak Arabic
In 630 A.D. the Makkans attacked the Banu Khazaa', a tribe under Muslim protection, and thus violated the pact of Hudaibiya. The stricken tribe sought help from Holy Prophet. The Prophet demanded the Makkans to pay ransom for slains, to refrain from supporting the attackers and/or declare the cancellation of the pact of Hudaibiya. The Quraish
did not respond rather gave the .impression that they were no more
interested in the pact
In 1965, the air war was primarily fought and won at Sargodha, it was here that wave after wave of Indian planes launched their attacks, it was here that they suffered the heaviest losses. At 0605 hours 30 miles MOUs belt reported six Hunters heading towards Sargodha, CAP aircraft were alerted, and the first visual contact by Pakistani F-86s and one F-104 was established when the enemy was in the process of diving at target at Sargodha airfield. Sq. Ldr. M.M. Alam,
who was .in the leading formation, first engaged the straggler with missile
Salah al-Din served with his uncle, Shirkuh, under Nur al-Din Zangi. At the age of 31 he was made Commander of Syrian forces and Chief Minister of Egypt and in 1186 assumed sole rule of all Egypt and Muslim Syria. Salah al-Din sent his brother, Turan Shah, with an army into al-Hijaz which he conquered along with Yemen. He now turned to the Christians. He first attacked Tiberias
and took it on 1 July, 1187. Crusaders with a large army came to meet
him. He fell on them with .such a fury that he cut them to pieces and
captured the King of Jerusalem
