Early in 634, Caliph Abu Bakr issued summons for holy war and sent a force under the great Khalid to attack lower Iraq. He routed the Persian detachment and received the submission of the Arab Christians of Hira and fortress of Anbar. At this time Khalid was withdrawn from the Persian front and was ordered to proceed to Syria. General Muthanna remained on the front to deal with a vigorous Persian counter-offensive, led by the Sassanid General Rustom. Near the ruins of Babylon, he fell upon the Mujahideen. Persian elephants spread terror among Mujahideen cavalry and the ' Battle of Bridge ' (Nov. 634) ended in a disastrous setback to Muslims, injuring
.Muthanna fatally and he died later
INDEPENDENCE OF INDONESIA :
PROCLAMATION: AUG. 17, 1945 A.D.
SOVEREIGNTY: DEC. 27, 1949 A.D.
Muslim ambassador of Samudra state visited China in 1282 while Marco Polo also found Islam in South East Asia when he visited Samudra in 1292. Its ruler al-Malik al-Zahir had received Ibn Battuta in 1345-6. Soon the Islam spread to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulu Archipelago and Muluccas. Netherlands' East India Company was trading in 17th century and Britishers also penetrated and occupied Java in 1811. Europeans started trade and then they began the
.domination of straits which encountered with Muslim resistance
Born in Dhok Pir Bakhsh (now Dhok Muhammad Hussain Janjua) on June 18, 1949, Muhammad Hussain joined the Army on September 3, 1966 and was trained as a driver. When war broke out in 1971, he was in 20 Lancers. Though only a driver, he took active part in every battle his unit was engaged in. He would take over a machine-gun and fire on the enemy, unmindful of any
.danger, no matter how grave
The crisis which then opened with Ottoman expedition against Cyprus (1570), was the turning point both for Christendom and the Ottomans, considered above all the difficulty of stopping a crusading fleet which they expected to bring assistance from the West. Venice, Spain and the Papacy, were slow in fitting out their fleets, and the Ottoman fleet ferried unhindered a large army from Southern Turkey to Cyprus in July, 1570. Nicosia was captured, but the castle of Famagusta resisted for a year. In the same year the Ottoman fleet sailed to the Adriatic to intercept the fleet of
.the Crusaders
Mehmed II made it clear at the meeting of his courtiers which decided and agreed to proceed with the conquest of Constantinople, that the Byzantine Empire had given refuge to claimants to the Ottoman throne, thus causing frequent civil wars. They also discussed that it was the Byzantine Empire which had been the main instigator of crusades. Constantinople, if surrendered to Western Catholics, as Salonica
was, would mean that Ottoman Empire would never be fully integrated. The
.siege of Constantinople lasted for fifty-four days, April 6--May 29,
1453
Muslims at Madinah, under the guidance of the Holy Prophet, set up as merchants. They prospered and grew rich. Islam also spread fast. The Prophet preached it openly in the Mosque, and prayers were said there everyday. Preachers were sent from Madinah to other cities as
.Madinah itself became the centre of the new religion
Algeria had been conquered almost by accident in the first stages of European expansion. The origin of the French expedition of 1830 is found in the very involved affair of the credits held by Jewish merchants in Algiers, for deliveries of grain made to France between 1793 and 1798. Bugeaud, Govenor General from 1840, hounded Al-Qadir and his partisans who wanted to liberate their country from the French. The General used the methods of total war, devastating the
.country, massacring or carrying off women and children. Amir Al-Qadir surrendered in 1847.
Born in Dinga, Gujrat district, on April 4, 1938, Major Muhammad Akram was commissioned in the Pakistan Army on October 13, 1963 and posted to the Frontier Force Regiment. On July 7, 1968, he was posted to the then East Pakistan where hw commanded a company of 4 FF Regiment. When war broke out in 1971, he was in command of the company in the forward area
.in Hilli district which was the focal point of concentrated Indian
pressure
شShahab-ud-Din was a great warrior and the Commander-in-Chief of the Ghaurid forces. He wanted to win for his house large empire than even Mahmud had been able to acquire. He invaded India first in 1175 and conquered Multan. Then he reached South to Uch, which is now in Bahawalpur Division. The battle for India was to come, and Shahab-ud-Din had a much stronger foe to contend with, Prithvi Raj, the Raja of Ajmer and Delhi, and a great fighter.
